Analysis Of Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Model - 1216 Words

I have learned that there is more to the children in a classroom setting than what is on the surface. It can be said that the child s anchor is the family and as a future educator it is important to have a relationship with them. I think the most significant component is effectively communicating with the families in a way that is meaningful to them. From lecture, we have learned that we must treat families with â€Å"dignity and respect† when working with them. We can do this by taking a closer look at the family in the context of culture and family dynamics. In a short sample, I will synthesize interview responses of two parents through the lens of Bronfenbrenner s ecological model to further explore their discipline, feelings,†¦show more content†¦However, she sometimes sees herself as too lenient because it is just the two of them. In opposition, Mom B considered herself to have a more permissive approach in her parenting style. She does not believe this is cultur ally driven and often finds herself rarely having to punish him. These mothers as a part of the child s microsystem directly effect how their children are raised. As I continued to review the interview responses, I went on to see components of the children s mesosystem and microsystem of both families. When it comes to discipline within their culture, both moms found that other people disciplining their children was acceptable. Both have their different reasons why, but I think it is important to point out that by allowing others, like teachers, to discipline their children makes this an interaction of the mesosystem. These interactions are important because it builds a sense of trust between the teacher and family. Not pointed out directly by Mom A and Mom B, I observed that they both had their sons in some sort of school that is related to their beliefs and customs. I inferred that the types of schools that they go to is an example of an exosystem. For example, Mom B s son, who is of a Jewish culture, goes to a Jewish school will find more support in the values and beliefs he has been accustomed too. If this same boy went to a Catholic school, he might need more support in adjusting to a different environment than what he is used toShow MoreRelatedThe Ecological Systems Theory Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner1314 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationships and development. The Ecological Systems theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner exposes these influences and discusses how they can either have a positive or negative impact on the relationship children have with their parents, peers and community. In an ever-changing occupation, it is important that theories can first be practically used throughout the industry, and also adapted easily when changes are made throughout time. Developed in 1979 by Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecology Systems TheoryRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Children s Learning And Development Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment in Australian primary schools. The report considers what bullying is, types of bullying that can occur, contributing factors and potential effects bullying has on children; by applying social learning theory, sociocultural theory and the ecological systems theory. However, as bullying is a complex social issue that can affect a variety of people in many ways (Lui Graves, 2011), the report does not include a comprehensive overview of every aspect; only those directly relating to bullyingRead MoreCase Analysis of Jack and Ally through the Ecological Framework 2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe following is a critical analysis of a case study on a three year old boy named Jack. Case documents reveal that Jack expresses behaviours and developmental issues that align with a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Diso rder (ODD) and/or Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Case information outlines details of Jacks infantile behaviours, family dynamics and current developmental issues. The purpose of this critical analysis is to identify and examine multiple risk factors thatRead MoreThe Dynamics of Family Structure and Its Impact on Educational Achievement2998 Words   |  12 PagesFamily influences on children’s educational achievement are evident throughout literature; it has been shown that the influences of family structure impacts children’s academic success across grades, gender, and ethnic groups (Marchant, G. J., Paulson, S. E., and Rothlisberg, B. A., 2001). Table of Contents Table of contents ii Introduction Read MoreLeadership And Education : Nicholas Beers And Amanda Sullivan3316 Words   |  14 Pagesneed for high-quality, effective leadership within the educational system. Theories Ecological Theory Within the study of Human Development, there is a theory that was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner entitled the Ecological Theory. This theory describes the interactions between the settings of individuals and the five environmental systems in which the individual interacts. The organization of this theory is a model of concentric circles each responsible for representing different environments inRead MoreA Design Process1499 Words   |  6 Pagesinnovative product/service that can be beneficiary to the user and society. 3.2 Literature review: Bronfenbrenner s bio-ecological model contends that human development takes place through progressively complex, regular, reciprocal interaction between an active, evolving biopsychological individual, and the persons, objects, and resources within the immediate external environment (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Bronfenbrenner Evans, 2000). For children, the promise of health and successful personal developmentRead MoreChildrens Psychological Adjustment to Entry into Kindergarten1325 Words   |  6 PagesChildrens Psychological Adjustment to Entry into Kindergarten From an ecological perspective, early childhood development occurs within the multiple contexts of the home, the school, and the neighborhood, and aspects of these environments can contribute to the development of adjustment problems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). A child’s psychological adjustment to entry into school for the first time can have a significant impact on the level of success achieved later in life. Children rated higherRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1553 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact it. Bronfenbrenner’s classic process-person-context-time model was used to explain the adverse effects of poverty on the socio-emotional development of children (Eamon, 2001)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Eamon discussed the five structures of ecological environment in her paper, concluding that the results of poverty upon child development are well described by applying these classic analytical structures. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Using a different structure than Bronfenbrenner to analyze available data (Wadsworth, Raviv, Reinhard, WolffRead MoreChildhood Is Not A Simple Period Of Existence Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesabout children have evolved over time with influences from society and culture. There are immense amounts of debates around child development and social construction due to developing awareness in childhood studies. Key theorists such as Urie Bronfenbrenner, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget have underpinned and challenged the ideologies and assumptions of children. The assumption of age being an indicator of a child’s rationality and competency has many theoretical problems. Piaget and Vygotsky demonstrateRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1554 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact it. Bronfenbrenner’s classic process-person-context-time model was used to explain the adverse effects of poverty on the socio-emotional development of children (Eamon, 2001). Eamon discussed the five structures of ecological environment in her paper, concluding that the results of poverty upon child development are well described by applying these classic analytical structures. Using a different structure than Bronfenbrenner to analyze available data (Wadsworth, Raviv, Reinhard, Wolff, Santiago

The Police Officer By Daniel Holtzclaw - 1154 Words

Daniel Holtzclaw is a former Oklahoma City Police Department police officer. When he was a police officer, Holtzclaw sexually abused thirteen black women. He targeted women from poor, African American communities. Holtzclaw ran background checks on women with warrants or other criminal records and targeted those victims. The majority of Holtzclaw s victims had criminal histories such as drug arrests. Holtzclaw s crimes were unlikely to be discovered because rape is a highly underreported crime. Only one of the women filed a report. At least 68 percent of rapes are unreported. For every 100 rapes, only 7 will lead to an arrest and only 2 will spend a single day in jail. Men know that and they know it is very unlikely they will be arrested, a police officer like Holtzlaw knows this all too well. Holtzclaw used his power to rape women and he knew that the public would support him because he is a white heterozexual man, he is an exemplar man for the rape culture. Not only did he have the advantage of being a man, but also the advantage of being white and a police officer. During the trial, the defense questioned the victims credibility during cross-examination because of their criminal records. Yet again, rape culture has surfaced. A woman does not deserve to get raped no matter her criminal record. No person deserves or asks to get raped. Rape cases are always fought back by blaming the victim and making the victim seem like a bad person and that is why there will always beShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Is Becoming A Trend1167 Words   |  5 Pages Police brutality is becoming a trend in America. Tensions among the public and especially the African American community are rising due to the latest cases of police brutality. Many people believe that we have come far in this society but to be honest Racism is still a factor. The use of brutal and lethal force by some police officers leading to unnecessary deaths have African American parents on edge to send their children outside for anything. Law enforcement and people whom we trust withRead MorePolice Sexual Misconduct And Sexual Harassment2465 Words   |  10 Pagespurpose of this paper is to explore the topic of police sexual misconduct, as well as who it happens to, and different theories on how to stop it. The various forms of sexual misconduct that will be reviewed are sexual assault, sexual shakedowns, sex with juveniles, rape, unnecessary callbacks, and performing traffic stops in order to flirt. Statistical evidence discovered by Cottler will show that sexual misconduct is commonplace on some police forces, and will shed light on the characteristicsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of Oklahoma Former Cop Daniel Holtzclaw928 Words   |  4 Pages Also in Oklahoma former cop Daniel Holtzclaw was charged with raping and sexually victimizing 8 women in a low-income neighborhood (Chicago Tribune Newspaper). He was also convicted of forcible oral sodomy, sexual battery and second degree rape. Now he is known as the serial rapist/cop. He was sentenced to 236 years in prison, including a 30-year sentence on each of four of the first degree charges he faced. It took a jury 45 hours over a period of 4 days to deliberate this case. He

Practices Organizational Citizens Behaviour -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Practices Organizational Citizens Behaviour? Answer: Introducation In todays competitive business world, corporations focus on hiring qualified and talented employees that are capable of efficiently performing assigned tasks. According to Wood et al. (2016), organisational behaviour assists companies in determining job performance and personality of an employee. It studies peoples behaviour in an enterprise to analyse the performance of individual and group. This essay will discuss the role of organisational behaviour theories in positively influencing employees performance in a firm. In recent years, corporations implement organisational behaviour strategies to enhance the productive performance of employees by maintaining a positive working environment. As per Suppiah and Singh (2011), effective organisational behaviour enables employees to interact with others positively. Leadership approach is a crucial element which assists in evaluating the impact of organisational behaviour in an enterprise and implementing various strategies to improve emplo yees performance. This essay will analyse why effective care is needed from leaders while performing various business functions such as setting goals, designing jobs, working conditions and motivating employees. Further, the essay will evaluate how managers can influence productive performance of employees and impact upon different organisational processes. Modern corporations use organisational behaviour theories for human resource purposes which assist them maximising the outputs of individual and group members. In recent years, managers pay special care while performing various business activities such as motivating employees, designing jobs, establishing positive working conditions and others in order to encourage employees productive performance (Snape and Redman, 2010). Managers use organisational behaviour theories to analyse the structure and processes of an enterprise to understand its internal and external interactions. While encouraging employees, managers reveal various hard and soft dimensions of their personality which they can utilise to encourage and motivate workers. There are various major contributing factors in organisational behaviour approach such as psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, and economics. Manager analyses these factors while developing and implement organisational behaviour theories. The psychological factors evaluate how individual behave in response to incentive and sociology analyse employee relationship with groups and others (Kashyap, 2018). Social Psychology observes individuals behaviour in threat, conflicts and stress situations. Anthropology examines customer, traditions and social norms of a company since it is a part of larger society. Political Science assesses the power, authority and corporate politics which influence corporations hierarchy and economics focus on monetary and non-monetary incentives to motive employees performance. Job design focus on reducing job dissatisfaction among employees and assigning them jobs based on their qualifications and skills. In recent years, managers use job design strategy to increase employees productive performance by offering non-monetary incentives, such as personal achievement, promotion, job satisfaction, increasing responsibilities and challenges in their jobs (Erez, 2010). Organisation use job enrichment, job rotations, job enlargement and job simplification techniques during job design process. Various organisational behaviour theories assist managers in improving the efficiency of job design process and increasing job satisfaction. The Common Sense Theory (Theory X and Y) provides that there are different types of people in a corporation; Theory X employees focus on monetary benefits, and they did not care about anything else whereas Theory Y employees focus on improving their lives and independence (Sorensen and Minahan, 2011). Theory X employees are considered as lazy, unreliable and untrustworthy, whereas, Theory Y employees are moral, responsible and good for companys development. Steve Jobs, former CEO and co-founder of Apple Incorporation, used Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y approach in the company to increase employees productive performance (Baker, 2013). He used this theory to motivate the team as a whole rather than managing individual staff which allowed employees to perform with full potential. In the technology industry, job satisfaction is a key factor because most of the employees are millennials who do not prefer to work for another company and believe in establishing start-ups. High rate of retention in software companies can be reduced by Theory X and Y approach because it assists in designing jobs that satisfy employees requirement and increase their productive performance. Similarly, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory also assist corporations in job designing process because it analyses various motivators that cause job satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a company and managers can use them to positively influence employees performance (Tan and Waheed, 2011). Google Incorporation uses this approach to increase the satisfaction of their employees because of which company has won the title of the best place to work many times (Fortune, 2017). Managers can implement these organisational behaviour theories into various operations in order to impact upon processes across the com pany, for example, implementing these policies into recruitment and selection process can allow the corporation to hire qualified employees based on job requirements. Working conditions referred to the organisational environment which affects employees in a company such as legal rights, responsibilities, job hours, safety standards, positive relationships and others. Managers focus on establishing positive working conditions in the workplace since it encourages employees to work at their full potential. Organisational behaviour theories focus on increasing job satisfaction of employees and motivating them in order to improve their working conditions (Chiang and Hsieh, 2012). Effective conflict resolution techniques also assist managers in establishing a positive relationship between workers. Many companies implement Behavioural management theory which provides that managers should have a better understanding of human nature, and they should treat every employee equally (Gavetti et al., 2012). The theory is based on Human relation approach which focuses on establishing positive organisational relationships that encourage workers to perform better. Effective communication is one of the major issues in large corporations, and it reduces companys performance because decision-making process takes a considerable amount of time. Managers can implement Webers Theory of Bureaucracy to address communication issue; the theory provides that role and responsibilities should be clearly defined which assist in establishing structured, hierarchical and clear communication channels. Managers should implement this theory across different divisions in order to address issues relating to poor communication (Merz, 2011). Modern corporations are facing the issue of high retention because people did not prefer to do repetitive tasks that are boring and does not require any cognitive or challenging skills. To address this issue, managers implement Goal-Setting Theory which set achievable goals for workers that challenge them to improve their productive performance (Sullivan and Strodes, 2010). Goal setting theory enables the manager to set SMART goals for employees which is an acronym for smart, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-based. These goals are based on employees skills and qualification, and they should be clearly communicated by the managers (Zahorsky, 2018). Google Incorporation uses this strategy because it reduces employees dissatisfaction by providing them new roles, responsibilities, and obligations which increase job satisfaction. Motivation is another approach which is used by modern corporations to increase employees productive performance and job satisfaction. The Expectancy T heory given by Porter and Layman Porter and Edward Lawler provide that employees are motivated by what they want and how likely they are going to get it. Porter and Lawler used the model given by Victor Vroom and added new aspects to improve it. The theory provides that there are two types of rewards: intrinsic and extrinsic (Estes and Polnick, 2012). Intrinsic rewards include personal growth, achievement, accomplishment, and sense of pleasure. Extrinsic motivation is based on tangible rewards such as increase in salary, bonus, and others. Managers should offer rewards based on employees requirement and their performance. Hierarchy of Needs Theory provided by Abraham Maslow is another popular motivation approach which encourages employees to increase their productive performance. The theory divided employees needs into five parts: physiological, security, social, self-esteem and self-actualisation (Jerome, 2013). The managers are requiring analysing employees requirements and providing them incentives accordingly. Kelloggs, an American food manufacturing company, has implemented Hierarchy of Needs theory throughout its divisions in or der to establish a positive relationship with employees and increase job satisfaction (Sharaf, 2014). This strategy assist company is reducing employee retention rate because it operates in food processing industry in which the work in repetitive and boring, and rate of employee retention is high. In conclusion, the organisational behaviour is a study of individuals and group in a company which focus on increase employees performance and establishing positive relationships. Managers pay special care while performing various business functions such as job designing, goal setting, establishing effective working conditions, motivating workers and others. Various organisational behaviour theories encourage employees to increase their productive performance such as Webers Classic Theory, Goal-Setting Theory, Hierarchy of Needs, Common Sense Theory and others. These theories assist managers in addressing various organisational issues which negatively influence employees performance. Following recommendations can assist managers in encouraging employees productive performance and influencing processes across the organisation. Modern corporations should analyse their workplace environment and business structure before implementing an organisational behaviour theory because one theory cannot apply to different companies and managers should develop a strategy based on firms requirements. The organisational behaviour theory should also be flexible, so it can be transformed by rapidly changing market conditions. The organisational behaviour theory should be similar and applied across different division of an organisation, or else it can give rise to employee disputes because one division might receive better incentives than others which create organisational conflict. These recommendations can be implemented by companies to encourage their employees productive performance which provides them a competitive advantage and sustains their future growth. References Baker, S. (2013) Steve Jobs vs Tim Cook If X worked then Y use a collaborative management style?. [Online] Righttrack Consultancy. Available at https://www.righttrackconsultancy.co.uk/steve-jobs-vs-tim-cook-if-jobs-was-effective-with-x-then/ [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Chiang, C.F. and Hsieh, T.S. (2012) The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior.International journal of hospitality management,31(1), pp.180-190. Erez, M. (2010) Culture and job design.Journal of Organizational Behavior,31(2?3), pp.389-400. Estes, B. and Polnick, B. (2012) Examining motivation theory in higher education: An expectancy theory analysis of tenured faculty productivity.International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration,15(1), pp.1-7. Fortune. (2016) Google. [Online] Available at https://fortune.com/best-companies/google/ [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Gavetti, G., Greve, H.R., Levinthal, D.A. and Ocasio, W. (2012) The behavioral theory of the firm: Assessment and prospects.Academy of Management Annals,6(1), pp.1-40. Jerome, N. (2013) Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Kashyap, D. (2018) Organizational Behavior and Other Fields of Study. [Online] Your Article Library. Available at https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/organizational-behaviour/organizational-behavior-and-other-fields-of-study/63745 [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Merz, F. (2011)Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy and its Negative Consequences. Grin Verlag. Sharaf, A. (2014) Kellogg's strategy (K-Values) of motivating employees. [Online] LinkedIn. Available at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140722081552-40947926-kellogg-s-strategy-k-values-of-motivation-of-employees [Accessed 17th January 2018]. Snape, E. and Redman, T. (2010) HRM practices, organizational citizenship behaviour, and performance: A multi?level analysis.Journal of Management Studies,47(7), pp.1219-1247. Sorensen, P.F. and Minahan, M. (2011) McGregor's legacy: the evolution and current application of Theory Y management.Journal of Management History,17(2), pp.178-192. Sullivan, G.S. and Strode, J.P. (2010) Motivation through goal setting: A self-determined perspective.Strategies,23(6), pp.18-23. Suppiah, V. and Singh Sandhu, M. (2011) Organisational culture's influence on tacit knowledge-sharing behaviour.Journal of knowledge management,15(3), pp.462-477. Tan, T.H. and Waheed, A. (2011) Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the Malaysian retail sector: The mediating effect of love of money. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N. (2016)Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.. Zahorsky, D. (2018) 5 Elements of a SMART Business Goal. [Online] The Balance. Available at https://www.thebalance.com/elements-of-a-smart-business-goal-2951530 [Accessed 17th January 2018].

Winston and Offred Essay Example

Winston and Offred Paper 1. How do Orwell and Atwood portray the tensions that exist between the individual and the demands of a totalitarian state? Atwood and Orwell have created texts that reveal the architecture of totalitarian states. Their complex and powerful ideas are the logical outcomes of questions that challenge present situations. They have shown that the essence of totalitarian states is control. By having control, their authoritarian rule expands by psychologically trapping each person into believing that what the state is doing is morally correct. The boundaries of a persons mind under oppression from these states are limited by restricting things that we value most in the present society (such as the freedom of making decisions and speaking liberally), thus making it easy for the state to penetrate each persons beliefs and manipulate them. However, wherever there is a system concentrating on oppression, there will always be a rebellion, and so we are introduced to the protagonists of these stories, Winston and Offred. What makes their role exceptional in this society is their secret rebellion, elusive, to some extent, to the states eyes. Regardless of the fact that they are exceptional in their roles, they are still odd characters to be classified as heroic. In the case of Winston, as well as psychological, he also has many physical flaws that seem to defy the stereotypical characteristics of a heroic character, Winston, who was thirty nine and had a varicose ulcer above his right ankle, went slowly, resting several times on the way. (Pg3). Orwell really brings out the rawness of Winstons heroic experiences. He can still be regarded as heroic as he is in a way fighting to live in this society. We will write a custom essay sample on Winston and Offred specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Winston and Offred specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Winston and Offred specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But there seems to be no uniqueness to him in this quote. In fact, the first impression that it gives to the reader is not one which you would expect from the description of a heroic character, theres no literal acceptance to the fact that Winston is the hero. When considering Offred, although she does not have many physical flaws, there are still noticeable defects, such as her constant fear, and her reliance on others for a successful rebellion; hope is rising in me, like a sap in a tree. Blood in a wound. We have made an opening. (Pg178). This is Offreds reaction upon finding out the true background of Ofglen and is conspicuously human. Initially, the readers first impression of her would not lead to the criticism of her role as a hero as explicitly as Winstons role in Nineteen Eighty Four, but at the same time her role would not be seen as heroic. The flaws in Offered are merely the essence of human nature, defying the uniqueness found in a heroic character. Yet still, they are both the chosen characters to be the foundation of the tensions between them and the totalitarian states. The demands of the totalitarian states are the very reason for the act of secretive defiance from both Offred and Winston. The desperation of both characters is to be free from such requirements. It is in fact the demands of the totalitarian states that motivate both protagonists to carry out such actions. They can compare past and present societies, because of the subsistence of the past in their memories, and the existence of the realities that they both face; it is the past that makes both characters realise that the society presently in existence is wrong. As described earlier, the restriction of the social factors valuable our society (Liberal actions and decision making) was the states strategy, but concurrently it was also the birth of individuals like Winston and Offred who would always secretly oppose such a strategy. Their memory of the past was like a palimpsest; a constant evaluation of the past and present societies would take place in their minds, and this would lead to a realisation of the social disfigurement that has taken place over time under the rule of such theocratic and morally incorrect states. Even though, in Winstons case, his memory of the past is very vague, it is still the only way for him to hope for a fault in his society. In Offreds case, her memory of the past is strong, because she is not living in a world where thought isnt free; she is still able to sit, and conceal herself in reveries of the past, without the constant worrying of the infiltration of her mind; But the night is my time out. Where should I go? Somewhere good. (Pg47) You can see the extent of her freedom in this quote, she has absolutely no problem entering the mode of comparison, and can think quite liberally, as she says, the night is her time out, which seems to suggest that its her own time, no-one is there. However, it could be argued that because of the writing style that Orwell adapts, which is in third person; we cannot get a good glimpse of the thoughts running through Winstons head. In first person, which Atwood uses, you can feel what the characters is feeling, and get a good view of their intentions. The initial motives of both characters are the same, therefore to escape the demands of the states. But their ways of attainment of such ambitions are different, most probably because of the difference between their societies. Orwell has created a society that is immensely claustrophobic; every decision made by an individual in the society of Nineteen Eighty Four is quite literally the decision of the state of Big Brother.